Senin, 17 Mei 2010

Total Physical Response

Total Physical Response

Introduction
There are several methods being practiced today that have in common an attempt to apply this observation to foreign language instruction. One such method is Krashen and Terrell’s Natural Approach. The Natural Approach shares certain features with The Direct Method with the basic communications skill and vocabulary through their receiving meaningful exposure to the target language. The students listen to the teacher using the target language communicatively from the beginning of instruction. The teacher helps her students to understand her by using pictures and occasional words in student native language and by being as expressive as possible.
Another method that fits within the Comprehension Approach is Winitz and Reeds self-instructional program and Winitz’ The Learnable. In this method, students listen to tape-recorded words, phrase, and sentences while they look at accompanying pictures.
A new method, called the Lexical Approach, also fits within the Comprehension Approach. Developed by Michael Lewis, the Lexical Approach is less concerned with student production and more concerned that students receive abundant comprehensible input.
A fourth method, James Asher’s Total Physical Response (TPR), is the one we will examine in detail here in order to see how the principles of the Comprehension Approach are put into practice.

The Principles
1. What are the goals of teachers who use TPR?
TPR was developed in order to reduce the stress people feel when studying foreign languages and thereby encourage students to persist in their study beyond the beginning level of proficiency.

2. What is the role of the teacher? What is the role of the students?
The teacher is the director of all behavior. The students are imitators of her non-verbal model.

3. What some characteristics of the teaching/learning process?
After learning to response to some oral commands, they learn to read and write. When they are ready to speak, they becomes the once who issue the commands. After all, activities expand to include skits and games.

4. What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? What is the nature of student-student interaction?
The teacher interacts with the whole group of the students and with individual students. The students respond non-verbal if the teacher speaking.

5. How are the feelings of student dealt with?
TPR was developed was to reduce the stress people feel when studying foreign language.

6. How is language viewed? How is culture viewed?
The oral modality is language viewed and the cultural is the lifestyle of the people who speak the language natively.

7. What areas of language are emphasized? What language skills are emphasized?
Vocabulary and grammatical structures are embedded within imperatives (single words and multi-words chunks).
The spoken language is emphasized over written language.

8. What is the role of the students’ native language?
The teacher gives a command in target language and performs it with the students. Meaning in target language can often be conveyed through action.

9. How is evaluation accomplished?
The teachers will know immediately whether or not students understand by observing their students action.

10. How does the teacher respond to student errors?
Teacher should be tolerant of them and only correct major errors.

Sabtu, 01 Mei 2010

peringtan hari buruh

Tanggal 1 Mei diperingati sebagai Hari Buruh sedunia atau biasa di sebut Mayday. Semua buruh di dunia merayakan momen ini dengan berdemo, tak terkecuali di Indonesia.

Saat ini negara kita telah menjunjung tinggi demokrasi dan tiap warga negaranya berhak untuk mengeluarkan pendapatnya. dan sah saja bila para buruh di Indonesia juga merayakannya dengan ikut berdemo seperi dinegara-negara lainnya. Selama demo yang dilakukan itu tidak bersifat anarkis.

Para buruh merasa dirugikan oleh perusahaan karena banyak terjadi out-sourcing. dan biasanya para buruh menuntut peningkatan kesejahteraan mereka serta perubahaan UUD tentang perburuhan yang dirasa merugikan mereka.

Tidak menutup kemungkinan bila tuntutan mereka terealisasi demo yang terjadi tidak akan berisi tentang tuntutan melainkan hanya keikut sertaan mereka dalam merayakan hati buruh sedunia.

Selamat Hari Buruh . . .